Oro-Facial Bone Graft and Biomaterials (PDF)

Foreword xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgment xix

1 Definitions 1
Randa A. Alfotawi

1.1 Definitions 1
1.1.1 Allografts 1
1.1.2 Alloplasts 2
1.1.3 Antibody 2
1.1.4 Antigen 2
1.1.5 Autogenous 2
1.1.6 Bone–Implant Contact (BIC) 2
1.1.7 Bioactive Material 3
1.1.8 Biodegradation 3
1.1.9 Bioengineered Graft 3
1.1.10 Bioinert Graft 3
1.1.11 Biomaterials 3
1.1.12 Biomimetic Graft 3
1.1.13 Bone Graft 4
1.1.14 Bone Remodelling 4
1.1.15 Cell Surface Markers 4
1.1.16 Composite Bone Graft 4
1.1.17 Cumulative Survival Rate (CSR) 4
1.1.18 Extracellular Matrix (ECM) 5
1.1.19 Graft 5
1.1.20 Gene Expression 5
1.1.21 Foreign Body Reaction 5
1.1.22 Flap 6
1.1.23 Immunohistochemistry 6
1.1.24 Macrophages 6
1.1.25 Osteoblasts 6
1.1.26 Osteocytes 7
1.1.27 Osteogenesis 7
1.1.28 Osteoinduction 7
1.1.29 Osteoconduction 7
1.1.30 Osteoclasts 7
1.1.31 Osteointegration Graft 8
1.1.32 Osteoid Matrix 8
1.1.33 Osteogenic Proteins 8
1.1.34 Radiostereometric Analysis 8
1.1.35 Regeneration 8
1.1.36 Regenerative Medicine 9
1.1.37 Reconstructions 9
1.1.38 Rejuvenation 9
1.1.39 Reverse Torque Test 9
1.1.40 Scaffolds 9
1.1.41 Signalling System 9
1.1.42 Tissue Engineering 10
1.1.43 Xenograft, Xenotransplantation 10

2 Anatomical Considerations of Facial Bone Reconstruction 15
Maryam Alhindi, Mohammed Binsalah and Afnan AlJuaid

2.1 Orbital Bone Grafting 15
2.2 Maxillary Bone Grafting 19
2.3 Mandibular Bone Grafting 23
2.4 Conclusion 28

3 Bone and Bone Substitutes Grafts Resorption Rate 35
Raniah Abdullah Al Eid

3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 Examination Techniques of Bone Healing, Remodeling, and Graft Integration 37
3.3 Mechanism of Bone Graft Healing 38
3.4 Bone Remodeling 40
3.5 Types of Bone Grafts and Their Resorption Rates 41
3.6 Factors Influencing Resorption and Degradation 59
3.7 Conclusion 64

4 Mechanism of Action of Bone Grafts 73
Paramjit Kaur Khinda

4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 Mechanism of Action of Bone Graft Materials 75
4.3 Structural Characteristics for Osteoconduction 80
4.4 Ideal Requirements for Bone Grafts and Substitutes 81
4.5 Factors Influencing Graft Integration and Success 82
4.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bone Grafting 82
4.7 Emerging Technologies and Advanced Grafting Materials in Bone Regeneration 83
4.8 Clinical Outcomes and Complications 84
4.9 Future Directions in Bone Graft Mechanisms 84

5 Osteointegration 89
Randa A. Alfotawi

5.1 Introduction 90
5.2 Biological Osseointegration 90
5.3 Materials Known to Osteointegrate 94
5.4 Conclusion 101

6 Autogenous Bone Graft 107
Yaser AlNatheer and Sameh A. Seif

6.1 Introduction 108
6.2 Free Bone Graft 109
6.3 Particulate Cancellous Bone Marrow Grafts (PCBMs) 115
6.4 Evidence of Using Composite Bone Grafts 117
6.5 Success Rate vs Complications 119
6.6 Conclusion 120

7 Allografts in Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction 125
Sree Lalita Kotha, Shams Altwaim and Antonio Palma

7.1 Introduction 126
7.2 History 127
7.3 Processing and Sterilization Techniques 127
7.4 Types of Allografts 129
7.5 Advantages of Allografts 141
7.6 Limitations and Concerns 142
7.7 Future Directions 142
7.8 Conclusion 142

8 Xenografts 149
Manju Roby Philip

8.1 Introduction 150
8.2 Types and Sources 150
8.3 Factors Affecting Selection 152
8.4 Biodegradation 154
8.5 Uses in Maxillofacial Surgery, Outcomes, and Success Rates 154
8.6 Products: Common Trade Names and Applications 161
8.7 Other Clinical Indications 163
8.8 Complications 164
8.9 Xenografts—Ethics and Public Policy 165
8.10 Patient-Derived Xenograft Models 166

9 Alloplastic Bone Graft 175
Randa A. Alfotawi

9.1 Introduction 175
9.2 Mineral Substitute Ceramic 177
9.3 Bioactive Glass 181
9.4 Mineral Composites 184
9.5 Injectable Cement 185
9.6 Conclusion 186

10 Commercially Available Graft Materials FDA Approved and the Supporting Studies 193
Randa A. Alfotawi

10.1 Introduction 193
10.2 What is FDA Approved 194
10.3 Enhancing Bone Regeneration with Bioactive Material 220
10.4 Conclusion 222

11 Graft Materials Used for Facial Rejuvenation and the Evidence 229
Hourya Alnofaie and Nasser Asiri

11.1 Introduction 229
11.2 Types of Alloplastic Graft Materials 231
11.3 Conclusion 241

12 Supplementary Techniques in Bone Grafting Procedures for Jaw Bones 247
Reham A.L. Jasser

12.1 Introduction 248
12.2 Platelet Concentrates 249
12.3 Other Growth Factors 255
12.4 Conclusions 260

13 Histological Assessment of Bone Grafts and Substitute Materials Used in Bone Regeneration 277
Sundar Ramalingam, Chalini Sundar and Randa A. Alfotawi

13.1 Introduction 278
13.2 Histological Techniques in Bone Regeneration Research 279
13.3 Microscopy Techniques for Histological Assessment of Bone Grafts 281
13.4 General Histological Characteristics of Different Bone Graft Materials 284
13.5 Adjunctive Biological Agents to Enhance Bone Regeneration 299
13.6 Clinical Significance and Future Research Directions 307
13.7 Conclusion 309

References 309
Index 317